🔆Key Takeaways: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Indian Monsoon
✅What is MJO? • A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator. • Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian. • Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
✅Structure and Movement: • Moves eastward at 4–8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30–60 days (sometimes up to 90 days). • Two phases: • Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms. • Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
✅Relevance to Indian Monsoon: • Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase. • Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
✅Cyclone and Rainfall Connection: • Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
✅Interaction with El Niño: • MJO and El Niño may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
✅Geographical Impact: • Influences weather between 30°N and 30°S; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
🔆Key Takeaways: Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Indian Monsoon
✅What is MJO? • A moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure circulating eastward near the equator. • Discovered in 1971 by Roland Madden and Paul Julian. • Crucial for tropical rainfall patterns, including the Indian monsoon.
✅Structure and Movement: • Moves eastward at 4–8 m/s, completing a cycle every 30–60 days (sometimes up to 90 days). • Two phases: • Active Phase: Brings rainfall and storms. • Suppressed Phase: Causes below-average rainfall.
✅Relevance to Indian Monsoon: • Strongly influences monsoon onset and intensity, especially during active phase. • Early 2024 monsoon onset (May 24 Kerala, May 26 Mumbai) partly due to strong MJO.
✅Cyclone and Rainfall Connection: • Active MJO triggers tropical cyclones, supporting monsoon initiation (e.g., June 2015 had 20 days of rain linked to MJO).
✅Interaction with El Niño: • MJO and El Niño may coincide but are not causally linked; both affect rainfall unpredictably.
✅Geographical Impact: • Influences weather between 30°N and 30°S; India lies in this zone, making it vulnerable to MJO-driven rainfall variations.
Bitcoin is built on a distributed digital record called a blockchain. As the name implies, blockchain is a linked body of data, made up of units called blocks that contain information about each and every transaction, including date and time, total value, buyer and seller, and a unique identifying code for each exchange. Entries are strung together in chronological order, creating a digital chain of blocks. “Once a block is added to the blockchain, it becomes accessible to anyone who wishes to view it, acting as a public ledger of cryptocurrency transactions,” says Stacey Harris, consultant for Pelicoin, a network of cryptocurrency ATMs. Blockchain is decentralized, which means it’s not controlled by any one organization. “It’s like a Google Doc that anyone can work on,” says Buchi Okoro, CEO and co-founder of African cryptocurrency exchange Quidax. “Nobody owns it, but anyone who has a link can contribute to it. And as different people update it, your copy also gets updated.”
A Telegram spokesman declined to comment on the bond issue or the amount of the debt the company has due. The spokesman said Telegram’s equipment and bandwidth costs are growing because it has consistently posted more than 40% year-to-year growth in users.
