Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Cong-Bicuspid aortic valve Aortic stenosis causes pressure overload that results in concentric hypertrophy.

o Congenital bicuspic aortic valve causes valvular aortic stenosis

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., CML

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Correct Answer - C
Answer C crypt abscess

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Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Squamous metaplasia

It occurs most frequently in respiratory tract as a result of chronic irritation by cigarette smoking.

The columnar epithelium is replaced by squamous epithelium.

This squamous metaplasia represents an attempt by the host to repair or prepare an epithelial tissue that has been damaged by environmental toxicants with a more resistant tissue.

Squamous metaplasia is also encountered in other location such as pancreatic duct (Vit A deficiency, stones in pancreatic duct), gall bladder (gall stones), urinary bladder (bladder calculi, Schistosomiasis), and in endocervix.

Though the metaplasia is reversible, if the influences that predispose to metaplasia is persistent, malignant transformation may occur in
metaplastic epithelium

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Mesothelioma
Pleural tumors

* The pleura may be involved by primary or secondary tumors.

Primary tumors
* Benign --> Solitary fibrous tumor (benign fibrous mesothelioma or benign mesothelioma or pleural fibroma).

* Malignant —> Malignant mesothelioma.

Secondary tumors
* More common than primary tumors.
* Most common primary sites are lung and breast.

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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Type -2 hypersensitivity

Type II reactions (Antibody mediated) → Involve immunoglobulin G
or Immunoglobulin M bound to cell surface antigen, with subsequent
complement fixation.

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 weeks
* Once blood is removed from the donor, it starts a sequences of in
vitro changes that change its physiological properties.
* Ensuring the blood and its products transfusion safe, their storage is a must.

* The main aim is to minimize damage to store blood.
* Addition of some additive solutions increases the viability of blood, particularly RBCs:
Additive Shelf life of RBC
Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) 21
days
Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) 21 days
Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)
35 days
Saline-adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (SAGM)
42 days

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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Bronchi and bronchioles

-Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a condition
characterized by a hypersensitivity response to the Aspergillus (most
commonly Aspergillus fumigatus).

-An allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a form of lung disease that occurs in some people who are allergic to Aspergillus.

-With ABPA, this allergic reaction causes the immune system to
overreact to Aspergillus leading to lung inflammation.
-ABPA causes bronchospasm (tightening of airway muscles) and
mucus buildup resulting in coughing, breathing difficulty and airway obstruction.

*it also causes airway inflammation, leading to bronchiectasis—a
condition marked by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and
bronchioles.

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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Squamous cell carcinoma

-MYC and RB - small cell cancer
RAS and p16 - non-small cell cancer
p53 - both small and non-small cell, but highest in squamous cell
carcinoma
K-RAS –adenocarcinoma

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