🔆 Rain-Bearing Systems

📍 Arabian Sea Branch
✅ Divides into three streams:
• Western Coast: Heavy rainfall (250 cm) due to orographic effect.
• Narmada-Tapi troughs: Narrow valley system in central India.
• Aravalli Range: Minimal rainfall impact.

📍 Bay of Bengal Branch
✅ Splits into two streams:
• Ganga-Brahmaputra delta: Heavy rainfall, Cherrapunji (1,221 cm) holds record.
• Himalayan foothills: Deflected by mountains, widespread rainfall to Ganges Plain.

📍 Monsoon Break
✅ Dry spells during monsoon, known as break in monsoon, common after a few days of rain.

📍 Retreat in Monsoon
✅ Withdrawal of monsoon winds, known as retreating monsoon, occurs in October-November.

#Geography

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🔆 Global Distribution of Earthquakes

📍 Major Seismic Belts
✅ The circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean is the world’s greatest earthquake belt. Around 81% of the world’s largest earthquakes occur here. Known as the “Ring of Fire”.

✅ The Alpide earthquake belt spreads from Java to Sumatra, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and into the Atlantic. It causes about 17% of the world’s earthquakes.

✅ The third belt is the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a submerged divergent plate boundary where tectonic plates are spreading apart.

🔆 Seismic Mapping of India

📍 Seismic Zonation Insights
✅ About 59% of India’s land area is prone to earthquakes.

✅ The seismic map classifies India into 4 seismic zones based on intensity.

✅ Zone V is the most active (Very High Risk), while Zone II is the least active.

➤ Approx. 10.79% in Zone V, 17.49% in Zone IV, 30.79% in Zone III, and 40.93% in Zone II.

#Geography
#disaster_management

🔆 India Unlikely to Ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ (BBNJ)

📍 Key Update
✅ India signed the BBNJ (High Seas Treaty) in 2024, but ratification is pending.
✅ Delay due to legal amendments (e.g. Biological Diversity Act).

📍 Global Status
✅ 49 countries have ratified it (as of June 10); 60 required for legal enforcement.

📍 Contentious Issues
✅ Treaty covers resources beyond EEZ, not under any country’s jurisdiction.
✅ India seeks clarity on equitable economic benefit sharing before ratifying.

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🔆 Cold Lava (Lahar): A Silent but Deadly Force

📍 Context: The Mount Kanlaon volcano in the Philippines recently witnessed rivers of cold lava, also known as lahars.

📌 What is Cold Lava (Lahar)?
✅ A fast-moving slurry of water, volcanic ash, rock fragments, and pumice.
✅ Forms when volcanic ash mixes with heavy rain or when glacial ice melts, even without eruptions.
✅ Moves at high speeds, reaching hundreds of km/h, making it more dangerous than slow-moving lava.
✅ Hot & destructive**—traps heat, **burns everything in its path, causes property damage & loss of life.
✅ Creates floods by damming rivers, harming ecosystems, and increasing flood risks.

⚠️ How to Mitigate Lahars?
✅ Early warning systems & engineering solutions can reduce damage.
✅ Community education on lahar-prone zones saves lives.

🌋 Lava vs. Magma:
🟠 Magma – Found inside the Earth (molten rock in the mantle).
🔴 Lava – Magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic vent.


#ColdLava #Lahar #VolcanoHazards #DisasterPreparedness #Geography