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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

❇️ @AI_Python_EN

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A Telegram spokesman declined to comment on the bond issue or the amount of the debt the company has due. The spokesman said Telegram’s equipment and bandwidth costs are growing because it has consistently posted more than 40% year-to-year growth in users.

Telegram hopes to raise $1bn with a convertible bond private placement

The super secure UAE-based Telegram messenger service, developed by Russian-born software icon Pavel Durov, is looking to raise $1bn through a bond placement to a limited number of investors from Russia, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the Kommersant daily reported citing unnamed sources on February 18, 2021.The issue reportedly comprises exchange bonds that could be converted into equity in the messaging service that is currently 100% owned by Durov and his brother Nikolai.Kommersant reports that the price of the conversion would be at a 10% discount to a potential IPO should it happen within five years.The minimum bond placement is said to be set at $50mn, but could be lowered to $10mn. Five-year bonds could carry an annual coupon of 7-8%.

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