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Mosaic Brain Evolution Drives Learning in Tropical Butterfly
Researchers have discovered that Heliconius butterflies, known for feeding on both nectar and pollen, show mosaic brain evolution with specialized neural expansions linked to enhanced learning and memory abilities. This expansion occurs in specific brain structures called mushroom bodies, which are key for long-term visual memory and spatial learning.
By analyzing these butterflies’ brain circuits, scientists found that certain cells, known as Kenyoncells, grew at different rates, helping the butterflies navigate complex feeding routes. As part of this behaviour, they demonstrate a remarkable ability to learn and remember spatial information about their food sources—skills previously connected to the expansion of a brain structure called the mushroom bodies, responsible for learning. These findings highlight how brain structure adaptations support cognitive innovations, offering new insights into neural evolution.
Mosaic Brain Evolution Drives Learning in Tropical Butterfly
Researchers have discovered that Heliconius butterflies, known for feeding on both nectar and pollen, show mosaic brain evolution with specialized neural expansions linked to enhanced learning and memory abilities. This expansion occurs in specific brain structures called mushroom bodies, which are key for long-term visual memory and spatial learning.
By analyzing these butterflies’ brain circuits, scientists found that certain cells, known as Kenyoncells, grew at different rates, helping the butterflies navigate complex feeding routes. As part of this behaviour, they demonstrate a remarkable ability to learn and remember spatial information about their food sources—skills previously connected to the expansion of a brain structure called the mushroom bodies, responsible for learning. These findings highlight how brain structure adaptations support cognitive innovations, offering new insights into neural evolution.
“To the extent it is used I fear it’s often for illicit finance. It’s an extremely inefficient way of conducting transactions, and the amount of energy that’s consumed in processing those transactions is staggering,” the former Fed chairwoman said. Yellen’s comments have been cited as a reason for bitcoin’s recent losses. However, Yellen’s assessment of bitcoin as a inefficient medium of exchange is an important point and one that has already been raised in the past by bitcoin bulls. Using a volatile asset in exchange for goods and services makes little sense if the asset can tumble 10% in a day, or surge 80% over the course of a two months as bitcoin has done in 2021, critics argue. To put a finer point on it, over the past 12 months bitcoin has registered 8 corrections, defined as a decline from a recent peak of at least 10% but not more than 20%, and two bear markets, which are defined as falls of 20% or more, according to Dow Jones Market Data.
However, analysts are positive on the stock now. “We have seen a huge downside movement in the stock due to the central electricity regulatory commission’s (CERC) order that seems to be negative from 2014-15 onwards but we cannot take a linear negative view on the stock and further downside movement on the stock is unlikely. Currently stock is underpriced. Investors can bet on it for a longer horizon," said Vivek Gupta, director research at CapitalVia Global Research.
