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πŸ”† Post: Jammu–Srinagar Rail Link & Chenab Bridge Highlights

πŸ“ Project Overview
βœ… 272 km rail line from Udhampur to Baramulla
βœ… Divided into 4 sections with 943 bridges and 36 tunnels
βœ… Includes the Chenab Bridge & Anji Khad Bridge

πŸ“ Chenab Bridge
βœ… Tallest railway bridge in the world: 359m above riverbed
βœ… Length: 1.315 km, Arch span: 467m, 17 spans
βœ… Cost: β‚Ή1,486 crore, Steel used: 28,660 MT
βœ… Built to withstand Zone V earthquakes & wind speeds up to 266 km/h
βœ… Design life: 120 years

πŸ“ Anji Khad Bridge
βœ… India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge

πŸ“ Operations
βœ… Vande Bharat Express to run 6 days/week
βœ… Expected full Delhi–Srinagar service by Sept 2024
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πŸ”†Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
βœ…NCDs are chronic diseases that do not spread from person to person but pose significant health and economic burdens. According to the WHO (2018), NCDs account for 63% of all deaths in India, with key contributors being:
πŸ”ΈCardiovascular Diseases (27%)
πŸ”ΈChronic Respiratory Diseases (11%)
πŸ”ΈCancers (9%)
πŸ”ΈDiabetes (3%)
βœ…The increasing prevalence of NCDs is driven by multiple factors, including lifestyle changes, environmental conditions, and genetic predisposition.
πŸ”ΈLifestyle Choices: Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and air pollution.
πŸ”ΈHealth Risks: Obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar.
πŸ”ΈOther Factors: Stress and hereditary predisposition.
πŸ“Implications of NCDs
βœ…Health Burden: Increased demand for long-term care and treatment.
βœ…Economic Impact: Loss of productivity and higher medical expenses.
βœ…Healthcare Inequality: Limited access to early diagnosis in rural areas.
βœ…Government Initiatives
NP-NCD: Screening, early diagnosis, and awareness programs.
βœ…PMBJP Scheme: Affordable generic medicines.
βœ…AMRIT Program: Low-cost treatment for cancer and heart diseases.
βœ…Eat Right India Movement: Promotes healthy eating habits.
βœ…Ayushman Bharat: Free healthcare services for the underprivileged.
πŸ“Way Forward
βœ…Strengthen Primary Healthcare for prevention and early detection.
βœ…Promote Healthy Lifestyles through awareness campaigns.
βœ…Improve Air Quality and reduce pollution-related risks.
βœ…Enhance Insurance Coverage for affordable treatment.
βœ…Encourage Public Participation in health initiatives.

#GS3
#science_and_technology

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πŸ”† Modern Methods of Water Management

βœ… Rainwater Harvesting: Collecting rainwater is a very efficient way to replenish the groundwater table and save natural water.

βœ… Pressure Reducing Valves: In a hydraulic system, a pressure-reducing valve essentially regulates the amount of pressure. These valves guarantee that the water level to be used is predetermined.

βœ… Water metering: Installing water metres to track water usage in both residential and business buildings is another effective technique to reduce water waste. It can aid in leak detection.

βœ… Greywater recycling: It is a technique for reusing used and wastewater from showers, washing machines, and kitchen sinks for things like flushing toilets and watering plants.

βœ… Water-efficient Accessories: New developments are pushing the limits of water saving without compromising usage patterns, such as altered spray patterns in taps and showers and enhanced flush pressure in toilets.

βœ… Fog Harvesting: Exploring fog harvesting technologies in hilly regions. Specialized mesh structures capture moisture droplets from fog, providing a valuable water source in areas with limited rainfall. That have been implemented in countries like Chile, Morocco, and Peru.

#gs1 #Geography #mains

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Theme wise coverage of 2015-2024 PYQs for UPSC Mains 2025

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πŸ”† Indian Biodiversity
βœ… Four global biodiversity hotspots are located in India, making it one of the most biodiverse regions in the world.
βœ… As of 2020-21, there are 981 protected areas, including 566 wildlife sanctuaries and 104 national parks.

πŸ“Wildlife
βœ… There are 3,167 tigers in India.
βœ… From 2019 to 2020, environmental crimes increased by 78%. (Source: Environment of India, State of 2022)


πŸ“Forest Conservation
βœ… 30% of Indian districts are susceptible to severe forest fires (CEEW).
βœ… 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation.


πŸ“Water Resources
βœ… 75% of families lack access to clean drinking water on their property. (Source: Aayog NITI)
βœ… By 2030, water stress is expected to affect 70% of India’s thermal power plants.

πŸ“ Water Pollution
βœ… 8 states comprise the majority of contaminated river segments, including Maharashtra, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
βœ… 70% of surface water in India is unsafe for human consumption. (Source: WEF)

πŸ“Climate Change
βœ… 40% of Indian districts are experiencing flooding and droughts interchangeably.
βœ… India has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 at the 26th COP in 2021.

#mains #environment #GS3


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πŸ”† India’s Health Indicators

πŸ“ Key Health Statistics
βœ… Life Expectancy at Birth ~ 70 years (62 years in 2000, 67 years in 2010)
βœ… Infant Mortality Rate = 28/1000
βœ… Neonatal Mortality Rate = 20/1000 (SDG target 12)
βœ… Under 5 Mortality Rate = 32/1000 (SDG target 25)
βœ… Maternal Mortality Rate = 97/1000 (SDG target 70)
βœ… Sex Ratio at Birth = 1020/1000 (was 943 in 2011)

πŸ“ Health Expenditure
βœ… Health Expenditure = ~ 3.8% of GDP (40% public, 60% private)
βœ… Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOP) = 1.5% GDP, 13% monthly per capita
βœ… Doctor-Population Ratio = 1:834 (better than WHO’s 1:1000)
βœ… Health Workers per 10,000 Population = 49

πŸ“ Health Delivery & Immunization
βœ… Institutional Deliveries = 97.18%
βœ… Children Aged 9-11 Months Fully Immunised = 93.23%

πŸ“ Health Challenges
βœ… Deaths from Non-Communicable Diseases = Over 60% of total deaths in India
βœ… TB Burden = Highest in the world (28%) and highest number of Multi-drug resistant TB cases
βœ… Tuberculosis Cases Notified = 87.13% against the target

πŸ“ Progress in Tuberculosis (TB) Control
βœ… TB Decline = 18% dip in TB cases over the past 10 years, more than double the global rate; 24% reduction in deaths, higher than the global average of 23%

#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains


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πŸ”† Changed Nature of Peasant Movements Post 1857

πŸ“ Key Points
βœ… Main Streaming: Peasants became the main force in agrarian movements, fighting for their own demands.
βœ… Objectives: Focused primarily on economic issues.
βœ… Immediate Enemies: Directed against foreign planters, indigenous zamindars, and moneylenders.
βœ… Not Against Colonialism: Movements did not target colonialism or subordination.
βœ… Limited Territorial Extent: Movements had limited reach and lacked continuity or long-term.
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# An Ethical approach, not Commercial

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πŸ”† Education Stats

πŸ“ Literacy Rates
βœ… Overall: 77%, Male: 84%, Female: 70%, Urban: 88%, Rural: 74% (NSO)

πŸ“ Government Spending
βœ… Education: 3.5% of GDP (Ministry of Education)

πŸ“ Enrolment Ratios
βœ… Primary: 98%, Secondary: 80%, Senior Secondary: 58% (ASER report)

πŸ“ Government Schools
βœ… Enrolment: 73% in 2022 (up from 65% in 2018) (ASER report)

πŸ“ Reading Ability
βœ… Class 2 Text: 42% of children could read (down from 50% in 2018) (ASER report)

πŸ“ School Infrastructure
βœ… 88.65% of schools have electricity & drinking water
βœ… 47.50% schools have computers (SDG India Index 2024)

πŸ“ Higher Education
βœ… Gross Enrolment: 28% (51% male, 49% female) (AISHE, Ministry of Education)
βœ… Public vs Private: 60% public, 40% private universities (AISHE)

πŸ“ Engineering Students
βœ… 39 lakh students (29% women) in 2021-22 (AISHE)

#Data #GS2 #GS1 #Ethics #essay #social_issue #health #mains


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2025/06/11 10:33:02
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