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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

❇️ @AI_Python_EN

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To pay the bills, Mr. Durov is issuing investors $1 billion to $1.5 billion of company debt, with the promise of discounted equity if the company eventually goes public, the people briefed on the plans said. He has also announced plans to start selling ads in public Telegram channels as soon as later this year, as well as offering other premium services for businesses and users.

The messaging service and social-media platform owes creditors roughly $700 million by the end of April, according to people briefed on the company’s plans and loan documents viewed by The Wall Street Journal. At the same time, Telegram Group Inc. must cover rising equipment and bandwidth expenses because of its rapid growth, despite going years without attempting to generate revenue.

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