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宪法理论及最高法院判例(第4周)

2019/2/24

一、宪法及政府的权力分支
1.1 宪法的起源与性质
1.1.2. 制定宪法(一)

我们回顾一下上次的内容。革命成功了,但是邦联条例失败了,然后各州派遣代表到非常开会提出对邦联条例的修改意见。代表们代表着各州的互不相同的各种意见,但首当其冲的问题是美国的两次历史教训是互相冲突的。

造反的历史告诉人们一个总政府可以变成暴政而各州可以起来反抗,保护他们的市民。但是邦联条例的失败告诉人们各州无法互相合作并作出好的事情来。他们可以变得自私而且相互争斗,为了牡蛎(蠔)他们甚至可以发动一场战争。所以需要有人来协调它们之间的利益纷争。

于是宪法产生了,它协调各种意见纷争,这是一种全新的方式。这就是我们所说的联邦主义(联邦制),它将在州与联邦政府之间进行权力分割(分权)。

联邦政府将处理一些事务,比如国际关系、州际商贸等。在它所拥有权力的这些方面,它的权力为最高权力。在这方面,它的权力高于各州的权力。但是其余方面的事务,权力仍然归属各州,在这些方面,最高权力将仍属各州。所以在州与国之间,存在着权力上的让渡。



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宪法理论及最高法院判例(第4周)

2019/2/24

一、宪法及政府的权力分支
1.1 宪法的起源与性质
1.1.2. 制定宪法(一)

我们回顾一下上次的内容。革命成功了,但是邦联条例失败了,然后各州派遣代表到非常开会提出对邦联条例的修改意见。代表们代表着各州的互不相同的各种意见,但首当其冲的问题是美国的两次历史教训是互相冲突的。

造反的历史告诉人们一个总政府可以变成暴政而各州可以起来反抗,保护他们的市民。但是邦联条例的失败告诉人们各州无法互相合作并作出好的事情来。他们可以变得自私而且相互争斗,为了牡蛎(蠔)他们甚至可以发动一场战争。所以需要有人来协调它们之间的利益纷争。

于是宪法产生了,它协调各种意见纷争,这是一种全新的方式。这就是我们所说的联邦主义(联邦制),它将在州与联邦政府之间进行权力分割(分权)。

联邦政府将处理一些事务,比如国际关系、州际商贸等。在它所拥有权力的这些方面,它的权力为最高权力。在这方面,它的权力高于各州的权力。但是其余方面的事务,权力仍然归属各州,在这些方面,最高权力将仍属各州。所以在州与国之间,存在着权力上的让渡。

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Export WhatsApp stickers to Telegram on Android

From the Files app, scroll down to Internal storage, and tap on WhatsApp. Once you’re there, go to Media and then WhatsApp Stickers. Don’t be surprised if you find a large number of files in that folder—it holds your personal collection of stickers and every one you’ve ever received. Even the bad ones.Tap the three dots in the top right corner of your screen to Select all. If you want to trim the fat and grab only the best of the best, this is the perfect time to do so: choose the ones you want to export by long-pressing one file to activate selection mode, and then tapping on the rest. Once you’re done, hit the Share button (that “less than”-like symbol at the top of your screen). If you have a big collection—more than 500 stickers, for example—it’s possible that nothing will happen when you tap the Share button. Be patient—your phone’s just struggling with a heavy load.On the menu that pops from the bottom of the screen, choose Telegram, and then select the chat named Saved messages. This is a chat only you can see, and it will serve as your sticker bank. Unlike WhatsApp, Telegram doesn’t store your favorite stickers in a quick-access reservoir right beside the typing field, but you’ll be able to snatch them out of your Saved messages chat and forward them to any of your Telegram contacts. This also means you won’t have a quick way to save incoming stickers like you did on WhatsApp, so you’ll have to forward them from one chat to the other.

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