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宪法理论及最高法院判例(第4周)

2019/2/24

一、宪法及政府的权力分支
1.1 宪法的起源与性质
1.1.2. 制定宪法(一)

我们回顾一下上次的内容。革命成功了,但是邦联条例失败了,然后各州派遣代表到非常开会提出对邦联条例的修改意见。代表们代表着各州的互不相同的各种意见,但首当其冲的问题是美国的两次历史教训是互相冲突的。

造反的历史告诉人们一个总政府可以变成暴政而各州可以起来反抗,保护他们的市民。但是邦联条例的失败告诉人们各州无法互相合作并作出好的事情来。他们可以变得自私而且相互争斗,为了牡蛎(蠔)他们甚至可以发动一场战争。所以需要有人来协调它们之间的利益纷争。

于是宪法产生了,它协调各种意见纷争,这是一种全新的方式。这就是我们所说的联邦主义(联邦制),它将在州与联邦政府之间进行权力分割(分权)。

联邦政府将处理一些事务,比如国际关系、州际商贸等。在它所拥有权力的这些方面,它的权力为最高权力。在这方面,它的权力高于各州的权力。但是其余方面的事务,权力仍然归属各州,在这些方面,最高权力将仍属各州。所以在州与国之间,存在着权力上的让渡。



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宪法理论及最高法院判例(第4周)

2019/2/24

一、宪法及政府的权力分支
1.1 宪法的起源与性质
1.1.2. 制定宪法(一)

我们回顾一下上次的内容。革命成功了,但是邦联条例失败了,然后各州派遣代表到非常开会提出对邦联条例的修改意见。代表们代表着各州的互不相同的各种意见,但首当其冲的问题是美国的两次历史教训是互相冲突的。

造反的历史告诉人们一个总政府可以变成暴政而各州可以起来反抗,保护他们的市民。但是邦联条例的失败告诉人们各州无法互相合作并作出好的事情来。他们可以变得自私而且相互争斗,为了牡蛎(蠔)他们甚至可以发动一场战争。所以需要有人来协调它们之间的利益纷争。

于是宪法产生了,它协调各种意见纷争,这是一种全新的方式。这就是我们所说的联邦主义(联邦制),它将在州与联邦政府之间进行权力分割(分权)。

联邦政府将处理一些事务,比如国际关系、州际商贸等。在它所拥有权力的这些方面,它的权力为最高权力。在这方面,它的权力高于各州的权力。但是其余方面的事务,权力仍然归属各州,在这些方面,最高权力将仍属各州。所以在州与国之间,存在着权力上的让渡。

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Since the violent storming of Capitol Hill and subsequent ban of former U.S. President Donald Trump from Facebook and Twitter, the removal of Parler from Amazon’s servers, and the de-platforming of incendiary right-wing content, messaging services Telegram and Signal have seen a deluge of new users. In January alone, Telegram reported 90 million new accounts. Its founder, Pavel Durov, described this as “the largest digital migration in human history.” Signal reportedly doubled its user base to 40 million people and became the most downloaded app in 70 countries. The two services rely on encryption to protect the privacy of user communication, which has made them popular with protesters seeking to conceal their identities against repressive governments in places like Belarus, Hong Kong, and Iran. But the same encryption technology has also made them a favored communication tool for criminals and terrorist groups, including al Qaeda and the Islamic State.

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