Normal faoliyat ko'rsatuvchi monetar tizim kamida ikkita zarur xususiyatga ega bo'lishi kerak:
1. Milliy valyuta o'zininig ikki - o'lchov birligi ( a unit of account) va ayirboshlash/to'lov vositasi funksiyasini bir paytda bajarishi kerak;
2. Ishonch. Pul tizimiga ishonch.
Afsuski, xuddi o'rta asrlarda bo'lgani kabi har ikki yuqoridagi zaruriy shart bizda bajarilmaydi.
So'm to'lov vositasi funksiyasini qisman bajarsada, o'lchov birligi funksiyasini yo'qotganiga ancha bo'lgan.
Ishonchning yo'qolishi ham aynan surunkali inflyatsiya va devalvatsiyaning hosilasi.
Umuman, "ishonch" bu fundamental xususiyat. Milliy valyuta shunchaki instrument emas, balki ijtimoiy institut, qurilma.
Milliy valyuta keng ishlatilishi, transaksiyalar amalga oshirilishi, shartnomalar bajarilishi va eng muhimi barcha iqtisodiy sub'ektlar shunga ishonishi uchun jamiyat uchun institutsional infrastruktura zarur.
Ishonchni yaratish esa eng murakkab vazifa va yolg'iz MBning bunga kuchi yetmaydi.
Yuqoridagi ikkita holatni tiklamay turib boshqa vazifalarni amalga oshirish xususan inflyatsiyani jilovlashni imkoni yo'q. Umuman, buni eplay olishimizga menda ham ishonch yo'q.
Normal faoliyat ko'rsatuvchi monetar tizim kamida ikkita zarur xususiyatga ega bo'lishi kerak:
1. Milliy valyuta o'zininig ikki - o'lchov birligi ( a unit of account) va ayirboshlash/to'lov vositasi funksiyasini bir paytda bajarishi kerak;
2. Ishonch. Pul tizimiga ishonch.
Afsuski, xuddi o'rta asrlarda bo'lgani kabi har ikki yuqoridagi zaruriy shart bizda bajarilmaydi.
So'm to'lov vositasi funksiyasini qisman bajarsada, o'lchov birligi funksiyasini yo'qotganiga ancha bo'lgan.
Ishonchning yo'qolishi ham aynan surunkali inflyatsiya va devalvatsiyaning hosilasi.
Umuman, "ishonch" bu fundamental xususiyat. Milliy valyuta shunchaki instrument emas, balki ijtimoiy institut, qurilma.
Milliy valyuta keng ishlatilishi, transaksiyalar amalga oshirilishi, shartnomalar bajarilishi va eng muhimi barcha iqtisodiy sub'ektlar shunga ishonishi uchun jamiyat uchun institutsional infrastruktura zarur.
Ishonchni yaratish esa eng murakkab vazifa va yolg'iz MBning bunga kuchi yetmaydi.
Yuqoridagi ikkita holatni tiklamay turib boshqa vazifalarni amalga oshirish xususan inflyatsiyani jilovlashni imkoni yo'q. Umuman, buni eplay olishimizga menda ham ishonch yo'q.
BY MacroBS
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Telegram hopes to raise $1bn with a convertible bond private placement
The super secure UAE-based Telegram messenger service, developed by Russian-born software icon Pavel Durov, is looking to raise $1bn through a bond placement to a limited number of investors from Russia, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the Kommersant daily reported citing unnamed sources on February 18, 2021.The issue reportedly comprises exchange bonds that could be converted into equity in the messaging service that is currently 100% owned by Durov and his brother Nikolai.Kommersant reports that the price of the conversion would be at a 10% discount to a potential IPO should it happen within five years.The minimum bond placement is said to be set at $50mn, but could be lowered to $10mn. Five-year bonds could carry an annual coupon of 7-8%.
Export WhatsApp stickers to Telegram on Android
From the Files app, scroll down to Internal storage, and tap on WhatsApp. Once you’re there, go to Media and then WhatsApp Stickers. Don’t be surprised if you find a large number of files in that folder—it holds your personal collection of stickers and every one you’ve ever received. Even the bad ones.Tap the three dots in the top right corner of your screen to Select all. If you want to trim the fat and grab only the best of the best, this is the perfect time to do so: choose the ones you want to export by long-pressing one file to activate selection mode, and then tapping on the rest. Once you’re done, hit the Share button (that “less than”-like symbol at the top of your screen). If you have a big collection—more than 500 stickers, for example—it’s possible that nothing will happen when you tap the Share button. Be patient—your phone’s just struggling with a heavy load.On the menu that pops from the bottom of the screen, choose Telegram, and then select the chat named Saved messages. This is a chat only you can see, and it will serve as your sticker bank. Unlike WhatsApp, Telegram doesn’t store your favorite stickers in a quick-access reservoir right beside the typing field, but you’ll be able to snatch them out of your Saved messages chat and forward them to any of your Telegram contacts. This also means you won’t have a quick way to save incoming stickers like you did on WhatsApp, so you’ll have to forward them from one chat to the other.
