❌ A. Counter value: 20000 ✅ B. Counter value: Less than 20000 ❌ C. Counter value: More than 20000 ❌ D. Compilation error ❌ E. Runtime error ❌ F. None of the above
Explanation: This code snippet demonstrates a scenario where two threads (t1 and t2) increment a shared static variable counter. Each thread iterates 10000 times and increments the counter.
Due to the concurrent nature of multithreading, the increment operation (counter++) is not atomic. It consists of reading the current value of counter, adding 1 to it, and then writing the new value back. This introduces a race condition.
It's possible that while one thread is performing the read-modify-write operation, the other thread may perform a similar operation concurrently, causing the updates to overlap and potentially leading to lost updates.
The correct answer is option B) Counter value: Less than 20000. The exact output value can vary due to the race condition. The threads might interfere with each other's updates, causing some increments to be lost. Therefore, the output value will likely be less than 20000.
In a multithreaded scenario like this, proper synchronization mechanisms (e.g., synchronized keyword or AtomicInteger) should be used to ensure the correct behavior of shared variables.
❌ A. Counter value: 20000 ✅ B. Counter value: Less than 20000 ❌ C. Counter value: More than 20000 ❌ D. Compilation error ❌ E. Runtime error ❌ F. None of the above
Explanation: This code snippet demonstrates a scenario where two threads (t1 and t2) increment a shared static variable counter. Each thread iterates 10000 times and increments the counter.
Due to the concurrent nature of multithreading, the increment operation (counter++) is not atomic. It consists of reading the current value of counter, adding 1 to it, and then writing the new value back. This introduces a race condition.
It's possible that while one thread is performing the read-modify-write operation, the other thread may perform a similar operation concurrently, causing the updates to overlap and potentially leading to lost updates.
The correct answer is option B) Counter value: Less than 20000. The exact output value can vary due to the race condition. The threads might interfere with each other's updates, causing some increments to be lost. Therefore, the output value will likely be less than 20000.
In a multithreaded scenario like this, proper synchronization mechanisms (e.g., synchronized keyword or AtomicInteger) should be used to ensure the correct behavior of shared variables.
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In general, many financial experts support their clients’ desire to buy cryptocurrency, but they don’t recommend it unless clients express interest. “The biggest concern for us is if someone wants to invest in crypto and the investment they choose doesn’t do well, and then all of a sudden they can’t send their kids to college,” says Ian Harvey, a certified financial planner (CFP) in New York City. “Then it wasn’t worth the risk.” The speculative nature of cryptocurrency leads some planners to recommend it for clients’ “side” investments. “Some call it a Vegas account,” says Scott Hammel, a CFP in Dallas. “Let’s keep this away from our real long-term perspective, make sure it doesn’t become too large a portion of your portfolio.” In a very real sense, Bitcoin is like a single stock, and advisors wouldn’t recommend putting a sizable part of your portfolio into any one company. At most, planners suggest putting no more than 1% to 10% into Bitcoin if you’re passionate about it. “If it was one stock, you would never allocate any significant portion of your portfolio to it,” Hammel says.
Why Telegram?
Telegram has no known backdoors and, even though it is come in for criticism for using proprietary encryption methods instead of open-source ones, those have yet to be compromised. While no messaging app can guarantee a 100% impermeable defense against determined attackers, Telegram is vulnerabilities are few and either theoretical or based on spoof files fooling users into actively enabling an attack.
