【构造心理学】铁钦纳
认为一切科学的对象都是经验，物理学研究的是经验，所以心理学研究的也是经验，没有经验就没有对物体的认知，没有经验也就没有世界的知识。
所以一切科学都离不开经验，各个领域以不同角度立场处理着经验。物理学研究不依赖经验者的经验【自然规则】，心理学研究的是依赖于经验者的经验【人的经历和思维过程】。
研究方法：通过训练高度集中的自我观察，准确记录观察的过程，防止外界干扰，不是报告自身的感觉感受。
三个方面：
把实际具体的心理现象分析为经验的基本元素。
确定经验的基本元素结合的定律。
结合心理现象和生理，确定其存在的因果关系。
这个不受大众欢迎，其构造主义被放弃了。
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Among the actives, Ascendas REIT sank 0.64 percent, while CapitaLand Integrated Commercial Trust plummeted 1.42 percent, City Developments plunged 1.12 percent, Dairy Farm International tumbled 0.86 percent, DBS Group skidded 0.68 percent, Genting Singapore retreated 0.67 percent, Hongkong Land climbed 1.30 percent, Mapletree Commercial Trust lost 0.47 percent, Mapletree Logistics Trust tanked 0.95 percent, Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation dropped 0.61 percent, SATS rose 0.24 percent, SembCorp Industries shed 0.54 percent, Singapore Airlines surrendered 0.79 percent, Singapore Exchange slid 0.30 percent, Singapore Press Holdings declined 1.03 percent, Singapore Technologies Engineering dipped 0.26 percent, SingTel advanced 0.81 percent, United Overseas Bank fell 0.39 percent, Wilmar International eased 0.24 percent, Yangzijiang Shipbuilding jumped 1.42 percent and Keppel Corp, Thai Beverage, CapitaLand and Comfort DelGro were unchanged.
The seemingly negative pandemic effects and resource/product shortages are encouraging and allowing organizations to innovate and change.The news of cash-rich organizations getting ready for the post-Covid growth economy is a sign of more than capital spending plans. Cash provides a cushion for risk-taking and a tool for growth.
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